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Major domestic pollutants contain 17% of carbon dioxide, 13% of carbon monoxide, 6% of nitrogen monoxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and fine and ultrafine particles. [16] In the United Kingdom domestic combustion is the largest single source of PM2.5 annually.
In the United Kingdom domestic combustion is the largest single source of PM 2.5 and PM 10 annually, with domestic wood burning in both closed stoves and open fires responsible for 38% of PM 2.5 in 2019. [54] [55] [56] To tackle the problem some new laws were introduced since 2021.
Below is a list of 526 cities sorted by their annual mean concentration of PM2.5 (μg/m 3) in 2022. [1] [2] By default the least polluted cities which have fewest particulates in the air come first.
Air pollution is among the biggest health problems of modern industrial society and is responsible for more than 10 percent of all deaths worldwide (nearly 4.5 million premature deaths in 2019), according to The Lancet. Air pollution can affect nearly every organ and system of the body, negatively affecting nature and humans alike.
burning of traditional biomass such as wood, crop waste and dung. In developing and poor countries, [22] traditional biomass burning is the major source of air pollutants. [23] [24] It is also the main source of particulate pollution in many developed areas including the UK & New South Wales. [25] [26]
0.5 ppm (1,300 μg/m 3) 3-hour Not to be exceeded more than once per year 40 CFR 50.5: Particulate matter (PM 10) Primary and Secondary 150 μg/m 3: 24-hour Not to be exceeded more than once per year on average over 3 years 40 CFR 50.6: Fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) Primary 9.0 μg/m 3 (12 μg/m 3 prior to May 6, 2024) [25] annual
The country implemented a clean air policy to reduce the road transport sector, which is responsible for 85% of particulate matter of less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) total emissions and 72% of particulate matter of less than 10 microns (PM10) [38] Most successful policies were: Improving fuel quality by reducing the sulfur content in diesel
The smaller ammonium PM2.5 can also travel further distances (100–1000 km) when compared to unreacted ammonia (less than 10–100 km) in the atmosphere. [4] Some countries like China have focused on reducing SO 2 and NO X emissions, however increased NH 3 pollution still results in PM2.5 formation and reduces air quality. [ 28 ]