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Oak galls have been used in the production of ink since at least the time of the Roman Empire. From the Middle Ages to the early twentieth century, iron gall ink was the main medium used for writing in the Western world. [2] Gall nuts are a source of tannin in the production of iron gall ink. Tannins belong to a group of molecules known as ...
The gall itself is a typical oak apple gall in appearance, roughly spherical and varies from greenish to reddish or orange depending on host, age and environmental conditions. The galls range in size from a 2–14 cm across and often contain multiple larvae as well as parasites and other species that form a mutual relationship by feeding off ...
The common spangle gall on the underside of leaves and the currant gall on the male catkins or occasionally the leaves, develop as chemically induced distortions on pedunculate oak (Quercus robur), or sessile oak (Quercus petraea) trees, caused by the cynipid wasp [1] Neuroterus quercusbaccarum which has both agamic and bisexual generations.
The all-female generation's galls appear in late spring. These round, 1 mm across galls occur on the underside of leaves, and eventually detach and fall into the leaf litter. Adults emerge early the following spring and lay eggs for the bisexual generation. This generation induces galls that are integral to the leaf. [2] [1] Adult wasps are .75 ...
British Plant Gall Society; A Field Guide to Plant Galls of the North East U.S. Archived 2020-11-12 at the Wayback Machine; To Be or Not To Be a Gall: The Story of Strange Growths on Plants Archived 2014-03-21 at the Wayback Machine; Insect Galls Archived 2020-11-09 at the Wayback Machine. Brandeis University "Common oak galls". University of ...
Neuroterus numismalis is a gall wasp that forms chemically induced leaf galls on oak trees. It has both bisexual and agamic (parthenogenetic) generations and forms two distinct galls on oak leaves, the silk button gall and blister gall. The galls can be very numerous with more than a thousand per leaf. [1]
Neuroterus albipes is a gall wasp that forms chemically induced leaf galls on oak trees which has both bisexual and agamic generations and therefore forms two distinct galls, the smooth spangle gall and Schenck's gall. [1] Neuroterus laeviusculus and Spathegaster albipes are previous binomials found in the literature. [1]
The larvae of this species of midge form circular galls that can be flat or convex. These form on the upper surface of oak leaves of the red oak group (Quercus sect. Lobatae), between the veins. The galls are thick-walled and reddish-brown in colour. [5] They are 3 to 4 mm in diameter. [6]