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The death of Charles I and exile of his son, followed by military victories in Ireland and Scotland, firmly established the Commonwealth and Cromwell's dominance of the new regime. In December 1653, he was named Lord Protector, [ a ] a position he retained until his death in September 1658, when he was succeeded by his son Richard , whose ...
Thomas Cromwell (/ ˈ k r ɒ m w əl,-w ɛ l /; [1] [a] c. 1485 – 28 July 1540), briefly Earl of Essex, was an English statesman and lawyer who served as chief minister to King Henry VIII from 1534 to 1540, when he was beheaded on orders of the king, who later blamed false charges for the execution.
Cromwell's head remained on a spike above Westminster Hall until at least 1684, not counting a temporary removal for roof maintenance in 1681. [3] Although no firm evidence has been established for the whereabouts of the head from 1684 to 1710, [4] the circumstances in which Cromwell's head came into private ownership are rumoured to be tied with a great storm towards the end of James II's ...
Aston refused Cromwell's request that he surrender. [9] In the ensuing battle for the town, Cromwell ordered that no quarter be given, [10] and the majority of the garrison and Catholic priests were killed. Many civilians also died in the sack. Aston was beaten to death by the Roundheads with his own wooden leg. [11]
Any Catholic clergy found within the town were clubbed to death or "knocked on the head" as Cromwell put it [30] including two who were executed the following day. [31] Cromwell wrote on 16 September 1649: "I believe we put to the sword the whole number of the defendants. I do not think thirty of the whole number escaped with their lives.
The first section of the text reads as follows: "To his Highness, Oliver Cromwell. To your Highness justly belongs the Honour of dying for the people, and it cannot choose but be unspeakable consolation to you in the last moments of your life to consider with how much benefit to the world you are like to leave it. 'Tis then only (my Lord) the titles you now usurp, will b
Throughout 1653, Cromwell and the Army slowly dismantled the machinery of the Commonwealth state. The English Council of State, which had assumed the executive function formerly held by the King and his Privy Council, was forcibly dissolved by Cromwell on 20 April, and in its place a new council, filled with Cromwell's own chosen men, was ...
Richard Cromwell (4 October 1626 – 12 July 1712) was an English statesman who served as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1658 to 1659. He was the son of Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell. Following his father's death in 1658, Richard became Lord Protector, but he lacked authority.