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As a consequence of the biochemical reactions in which homocysteine is involved, deficiencies of vitamin B 6, folic acid (vitamin B 9), and vitamin B 12 can lead to high homocysteine levels. [2] Other possible causes of hyperhomocysteinemia include genetics, excessive methionine intake, and other diseases. [3]
"B12" and "Cbl" redirect here. For other uses of B12, see B12 (disambiguation). For the musical group, see Carbon Based Lifeforms. Pharmaceutical compound Vitamin B12 General skeletal formula of cobalamins Stick model of cyanocobalamin (R = CN) based on the crystal structure Clinical data Other names Vitamin B12, vitamin B-12, cobalamin AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph MedlinePlus a605007 License ...
Elevated methylmalonic acid levels may also indicate a deficiency. [2] Individuals with low or marginal values of vitamin B 12 in the range of 148–221 pmol/L (200–300 pg/mL) may not have classic neurological or hematological signs or symptoms. [2] Treatment is by vitamin B 12 supplementation, either by mouth or by injection. [3]
As a supplement it is used to treat vitamin B12 deficiency including pernicious anemia. [1] [2] Other uses include treatment for cyanide poisoning, Leber's optic atrophy, and toxic amblyopia. [3] [4] It is given by injection into a muscle or vein, [2] by pill or sublingually. Side effects are generally few. [2]
Cyanocobalamin is a form of vitamin B 12 used to treat and prevent vitamin B 12 deficiency except in the presence of cyanide toxicity. [7] [8] [2] The deficiency may occur in pernicious anemia, following surgical removal of the stomach, with fish tapeworm, or due to bowel cancer.
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There are not enough studies on whether pills are as effective in improving or eliminating symptoms as parenteral treatment. [12] Folate supplementation may affect the course and treatment of pernicious anemia if vitamin B 12 not replaced. [65] In some severe cases of anemia, a blood transfusion may be needed to resolve haematological effects. [5]
Conversion of homocysteine to methionine requires folate and vitamin B 12. Elevated plasma homocysteine and low folate are associated with cognitive impairment, dementia and Alzheimer's disease. [62] [63] Supplementing the diet with folic acid and vitamin B 12 lowers plasma homocysteine. [63]