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Deicing a large commercial aircraft typically consumes between 500 US gallons (1,900 L) and 1,000 US gallons (3,800 L) of diluted fluid. The cost of fluid varies widely due to market conditions. The amount de-icing service companies charge end users is generally in the range of US$8 to US$12 per diluted gallon (US$2.10 to US$3.20 per liter).
Fluid based aircraft de-icing vehicle. In most cases ground-based deicing is accomplished by spraying the aircraft with an aircraft deicing fluid just prior to departure. For commercial aircraft this fluid is usually applied to contaminated surfaces using a specially designed machine. For smaller aircraft a handheld spray applicator may suffice.
Deicing boots were invented by the B.F. Goodrich Corporation in about 1929–1930 in Akron, Ohio.The work was begun by retired Ph.D chemist, William C. Geer.In its quest to develop deicing boots, the company built a large indoor facility in Akron to replicate bad weather and icing on aircraft wings.
An Aeroflot Airbus A330 being de-iced at Sheremetyevo International Airport Econ Salt Spreader. De-icing is the process of removing snow, ice or frost from a surface. Anti-icing is the application of chemicals that not only de-ice but also remain on a surface and continue to delay the reformation of ice for a certain period of time, or prevent adhesion of ice to make mechanical removal easier.
Pneumatic boots are appropriate for low and medium speed aircraft, without leading edge lift devices such as slats, so this system is most commonly found on smaller turboprop aircraft such as the Saab 340 and Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia. Pneumatic de-icing boots are sometimes found on other types, especially older aircraft.
There was no verbal inquiry by the captain about the status of the icing conditions or the aircraft deice/anti-icing systems. At 15:55:42, the first officer commented, "we still got ice." This comment was not verbally acknowledged by the captain. The CVR indicated that the flightcrew had no further discussions regarding the icing conditions.
Icing conditions exist when the air contains droplets of supercooled water. They freeze on contact with a potential nucleation site, which in this case is the parts of the aircraft, causing icing. Icing conditions are characterized quantitatively by the average droplet size, the liquid water content and the air temperature.
The TKS company was a collaboration between Tecalemit Ltd, which was a company specialising in aircraft oil systems, filters, etc, Kilfrost Ltd, which specialised in anti-icing pastes for aircraft, and Sheepbridge Stokes Ltd, who specialised in iron castings, particularly such items as fuel and oil pump rotors.