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XNU ("X is Not Unix") is the computer operating system (OS) kernel developed at Apple Inc. since December 1996 for use in the Mac OS X (now macOS) operating system and released as free and open-source software as part of the Darwin OS, which, in addition to being the basis for macOS, is also the basis for Apple TV Software, iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, visionOS, and tvOS.
In computing, a loadable kernel module (LKM) is an object file that contains code to extend the running kernel, or so-called base kernel, of an operating system. LKMs are typically used to add support for new hardware (as device drivers ) and/or filesystems , or for adding system calls .
A kernel is a component of a computer operating system. [1] A comparison of system kernels can provide insight into the design and architectural choices made by the developers of particular operating systems.
To perform useful functions, processes need access to the peripherals connected to the computer, which are controlled by the kernel through device drivers. A device driver is a computer program encapsulating, monitoring and controlling a hardware device (via its Hardware/Software Interface (HSI)) on behalf of the OS. It provides the operating ...
MkLinux (for Microkernel Linux) is an open-source software computer operating system begun by the Open Software Foundation Research Institute [1] and Apple Computer [2] in February 1996, to port Linux to the PowerPC platform, and Macintosh computers.
In Windows XP, drivers account for 85% of the reported failures. In the Linux kernel 2.4.1 device driver code accounts for about 70% of the code size. [2] The driver fault can crash the whole system as it is running in the kernel mode. These findings resulted in various methodologies and techniques for verification of device drivers.
[5] [6] [7] If iBoot fails to load or fails to verify iOS, iPadOS or macOS, the bootloader jumps to DFU (Device Firmware Update) [8] mode; otherwise it loads the remaining kernel modules. [2] [9] Once the kernel and all drivers necessary for booting are loaded, the boot loader starts the kernel’s initialization procedure.
This was developed into Rhapsody in 1997, Mac OS X Server 1.0 in 1999, Mac OS X Public Beta in 2000, and Mac OS X 10.0 in 2001. In 1999, Apple announced it would release the source code for the Mach 2.5 microkernel, BSD Unix 4.4 OS , and the Apache Web server components of Mac OS X Server. [ 11 ]