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In chemistry, the oxidation state, or oxidation number, is the hypothetical charge of an atom if all of its bonds to other atoms were fully ionic. It describes the degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom in a chemical compound. Conceptually, the oxidation state may be positive, negative or zero.
sodium: Na −1 0 +1: 1 [10] [14] 12 magnesium: Mg 0 +1 +2: 2 ... potassium: K −1 +1: 1 [27] 20 calcium: Ca +1 ... The oxidation states are also maintained in ...
Ununennium may also show the +3 [36]: 1729–1730 and +5 oxidation states, [149] which are not seen in any other alkali metal, [10]: 28 in addition to the +1 oxidation state that is characteristic of the other alkali metals and is also the main oxidation state of all the known alkali metals: this is because of the destabilisation and expansion ...
The oxidation states are also maintained in articles of the elements (of course), and systematically in the table {{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state}} See also [ edit ]
An atom (or ion) whose oxidation number increases in a redox reaction is said to be oxidized (and is called a reducing agent). It is accomplished by loss of one or more electrons. The atom whose oxidation number decreases gains (receives) one or more electrons and is said to be reduced. This relation can be remembered by the following mnemonics.
The nuclear charge; oxidation number; The screening effect of the inner shells; The extent to which the outermost electron penetrates into the charge cloud set up by the inner lying electron; In the periodic table, effective nuclear charge decreases down a group and increases left to right across a period.
Compounds of the metallic elements usually form simple aqua ions with the formula [M(H 2 O) n] z+ in low oxidation states. With the higher oxidation states the simple aqua ions dissociate losing hydrogen ions to yield complexes that contain both water molecules and hydroxide or oxide ions, such as the vanadium(IV) species [VO(H 2 O) 5] 2+. In ...
The valence is the combining capacity of an atom of a given element, determined by the number of hydrogen atoms that it combines with. In methane, carbon has a valence of 4; in ammonia, nitrogen has a valence of 3; in water, oxygen has a valence of 2; and in hydrogen chloride, chlorine has a valence of 1.