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In antiquity, the ancestors of the Somali people were an important link in the Horn of Africa connecting the region's commerce with the rest of the ancient world.Somali sailors and merchants were the main suppliers of frankincense, myrrh and spices, items which were considered valuable luxuries by the Ancient Egyptians, Phoenicians, Mycenaeans and Babylonians.
Ancient urban centers and trade networks in Somalia have long attracted scholarly attention. Archaeological surveys in northern Somalia have identified over seventy ruined towns, including four urban centers that date to around 2,000 years ago: Salweyn (Mundus), Daamo (Cape of Spices), and two settlements in Xaafun (Opone). [30]
Simur was also an ancient Harari alias for the Somali people. [66] Somalis overwhelmingly prefer the demonym Somali over the incorrect Somalian since the former is an endonym, while the latter is an exonym with double suffixes. [67] The hypernym of the term Somali from a geopolitical sense is Horner and from an ethnic sense, it is Cushite. [68]
Other notable proto-Somali city-states included Avalite, Bulhar, Botiala, Essina, Damo, Hannassa, Sarapion, Nikon, Toniki, Gondal, Macajilayn, Salweyn, and Miandi. Ancient Greek travelers including the likes of Strabo and Cosmas Indicopleustes made visits to the Somali peninsula between the 1st and 5th century. The Greeks referred to Somalis as ...
Archaeological sites where ancient inscriptions have been found on cave paintings include Godka Xararka and Qubiyaaley in Las Anod District, and Hilayom, Karin and Dhalanle in Las Khoray District. [4] According to the Ministry of Information and National Guidance of Somalia, inscriptions can be found on various old Taalo Tiiriyaad structures ...
It was situated on a site that later became Mogadishu.Sarapion was briefly mentioned in Ptolemy's Geographia as one of the harbours a trader would encounter after sailing southernly on the Indian Ocean, passing along the way by the Market of Spices and the emporium of Opone.
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The Ajuran Empire was an influential Somali kingdom that held sway over several cities and towns in central and southern Somalia during the Middle Ages. [117] With the fall of the Sultanate, a number of these settlements continued to prosper, eventually becoming major cities in present-day Somalia.