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The Munich Agreement [a] was an agreement reached in Munich on 30 September 1938, by Nazi Germany, the United Kingdom, the French Republic, and Fascist Italy. The agreement provided for the German annexation of part of Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland , where more than three million people, mainly ethnic Germans , lived. [ 1 ]
The lesson of Munich, in international relations, refers to the appeasement of Adolf Hitler at the Munich Conference in September 1938. To avoid war, France and the United Kingdom permitted Nazi Germany to incorporate the Sudetenland .
A Total and Unmitigated Defeat was a speech by Winston Churchill in the House of Commons at Westminster on Wednesday, 5 October 1938, the third day of the Munich Agreement debate. Signed five days earlier by Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain , the agreement met the demands of Nazi Germany in respect of the Czechoslovak region of Sudetenland .
The Soviets were not invited to the Munich Conference on Czechoslovakia. The Munich Agreement, which followed, [25] marked the start of the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1938 by a partial German annexation. That was part of the appeasement of Germany. [26]
The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, officially the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, [1] [2] and also known as the Hitler–Stalin Pact [3] [4] and the Nazi–Soviet Pact, [5] was a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, with a secret protocol establishing Soviet and German spheres of influence across Eastern Europe. [6]
Munich city coat-of-arms. The year 1158 is assumed to be the foundation date of Munich, which is only the earliest date the city is mentioned in a document.By that time the Guelph Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, built a bridge over the river Isar next to a settlement of Benedictine monks.
The Cold War: An International History, 1947–1991 (1998), British perspective; short summary; Boyle Peter G. American-Soviet Relations: From the Russian Revolution to the Fall of Communism. 1993. The Cambridge History of the Cold War (3 vol. 2010) online Archived 2016-08-20 at the Wayback Machine. Leffler, Melvyn P. and Odd Arne Westad, eds.
The Cold War International History Project (CWIHP) The Cold War Files; Documents available online regarding aerial intelligence during the Cold War, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library; Bibliographies. Annotated bibliography for the arms race from the Alsos Digital Library; News. Video and audio news reports from during the cold war ...