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In international relations, coercion refers to the imposition of costs by a state on other states and non-state actors to prevent them from taking an action or to compel them to take an action (compellence). [1] [2] [3] Coercion frequently takes the form of threats or the use of limited military force. [4]
Compellence is a form of coercion that attempts to get an actor (such as a state) to change its behavior through threats to use force or the actual use of limited force. [1] [2] [3] Compellence can be more clearly described as "a political-diplomatic strategy that aims to influence an adversary's will or incentive structure.
Coercion involves compelling a party to act in an involuntary manner through the use of threats, including threats to use force against that party. [1] [2] [3] It involves a set of forceful actions which violate the free will of an individual in order to induce a desired response.
Duress is a threat of harm made to compel someone to do something against their will or judgment; especially a wrongful threat made by one person to compel a manifestation of seeming assent by another person to a transaction without real volition. - Black's Law Dictionary (8th ed. 2004) Duress in contract law falls into two broad categories: [6]
Sanctions can be intended to compel (an attempt to change an actor's behavior) or deterrence (an attempt to stop an actor from certain actions). [3] [4] [5] Sanctions can target an entire country or they can be more narrowly targeted at individuals or groups; this latter form of sanctions are sometimes called "smart sanctions". [6]
In international relations, power is defined in several different ways. [1] Material definitions of state power emphasize economic and military power. [2] [3] [4] Other definitions of power emphasize the ability to structure and constitute the nature of social relations between actors.
In politics (and particularly in international politics), soft power is the ability to co-opt rather than coerce (in contrast with hard power). It involves shaping the preferences of others through appeal and attraction. Soft power is non-coercive, using culture, political values, and foreign policies to enact change.
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) [a] is the accounting standard adopted by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), [1] and is the default accounting standard used by companies based in the United States.