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In spectral graph theory, an eigenvalue of a graph is defined as an eigenvalue of the graph's adjacency matrix, or (increasingly) of the graph's Laplacian matrix due to its discrete Laplace operator, which is either (sometimes called the combinatorial Laplacian) or / / (sometimes called the normalized Laplacian), where is a diagonal matrix with ...
Given an n × n square matrix A of real or complex numbers, an eigenvalue λ and its associated generalized eigenvector v are a pair obeying the relation [1] =,where v is a nonzero n × 1 column vector, I is the n × n identity matrix, k is a positive integer, and both λ and v are allowed to be complex even when A is real.l When k = 1, the vector is called simply an eigenvector, and the pair ...
In linear algebra, eigenvalues and eigenvectors play a fundamental role, since, given a linear transformation, an eigenvector is a vector whose direction is not changed by the transformation, and the corresponding eigenvalue is the measure of the resulting change of magnitude of the vector.
Thus one can only calculate the numerical rank by making a decision which of the eigenvalues are close enough to zero. Pseudo-inverse The pseudo inverse of a matrix A {\displaystyle A} is the unique matrix X = A + {\displaystyle X=A^{+}} for which A X {\displaystyle AX} and X A {\displaystyle XA} are symmetric and for which A X A = A , X A X ...
Let A be a square n × n matrix with n linearly independent eigenvectors q i (where i = 1, ..., n).Then A can be factored as = where Q is the square n × n matrix whose i th column is the eigenvector q i of A, and Λ is the diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are the corresponding eigenvalues, Λ ii = λ i.
This shows that the eigenvalues are 1, 2, 4 and 4, according to algebraic multiplicity. The eigenspace corresponding to the eigenvalue 1 can be found by solving the equation Av = λv. It is spanned by the column vector v = (−1, 1, 0, 0) T. Similarly, the eigenspace corresponding to the eigenvalue 2 is spanned by w = (1, −1, 0, 1) T.
In numerical linear algebra, the QR algorithm or QR iteration is an eigenvalue algorithm: that is, a procedure to calculate the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix.The QR algorithm was developed in the late 1950s by John G. F. Francis and by Vera N. Kublanovskaya, working independently.
The following is a general formula that applies to almost any 2 × 2 matrix. [1] Let the given matrix be = (), where A, B, C, and D may be real or complex numbers. Furthermore, let τ = A + D be the trace of M, and δ = AD − BC be its determinant.