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A well-known example of a contrasting mindset is fixed versus growth. A mindset refers to an established set of attitudes of a person or group concerning culture, values, philosophy, frame of reference, outlook, or disposition. [1] [2] It may also arise from a person's worldview or beliefs about the meaning of life. [3]
If the situation is framed in a manner that emphasizes learning and process rather than success, mindset can be altered. [17] Individuals with fixed mindsets may engage in less practice in order to allow themselves an excuse besides low ability for potentially poor performance in order to preserve their egos. [20]
It is a mind-set that is applicable to all subject areas and all pedagogical environments. Teachers who develop an Open Questioning Mindset listen openly for the cognitive content of students' contributions and look for ways to use what is given for learning opportunities, whether right, wrong, relevant or apparently irrelevant.
[3] [2] Mindsets related to learning also play into motivation. Psychologist Carol Dweck distinguished differences between the growth mindset, the idea that ability is malleable, and the fixed mindset, the idea that ability is fixed. People who incorporate a growth mindset on a certain task tend to have higher motivation. [43] [44]
Goal orientation, or achievement orientation, is an "individual disposition towards developing or validating one's ability in achievement settings". [1] In general, an individual can be said to be mastery or performance oriented, based on whether one's goal is to develop one's ability or to demonstrate one's ability, respectively. [2]
The scout mindset emphasizes curiosity, unbiased truth-seeking, [4] and facing reality, even if that reality is unexpected. [5] [6] Galef contrasts this with a "soldier mindset", which she says is a natural tendency to use motivated reasoning to defend one's existing beliefs instead of being open to changing them. [7]
For her new career, she became a subject matter expert in longevity innovations and the care economy, which led to the book, consulting, and teaching courses at Stanford’s business school.
The experiential approach aligns with Armstrong's claims that students, rather than teachers, should be responsible for their learning. [14] Proponents claim that an experiential education mindset can change the way teachers and students view knowledge as learning becomes active and transacted within life or lifelike situations.