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A golden rectangle—that is, a rectangle with an aspect ratio of —may be cut into a square and a smaller rectangle with the same aspect ratio. The golden ratio has been used to analyze the proportions of natural objects and artificial systems such as financial markets , in some cases based on dubious fits to data. [ 8 ]
In geometry, a golden rectangle is a rectangle with side lengths in golden ratio +:, or :, with approximately equal to 1.618 or 89/55. Golden rectangles exhibit a special form of self-similarity : if a square is added to the long side, or removed from the short side, the result is a golden rectangle as well.
A root-phi rectangle divides into a pair of Kepler triangles (right triangles with edge lengths in geometric progression). The root-φ rectangle is a dynamic rectangle but not a root rectangle. Its diagonal equals φ times the length of the shorter side. If a root-φ rectangle is divided by a diagonal, the result is two congruent Kepler triangles.
Apothem of a hexagon Graphs of side, s; apothem, a; and area, A of regular polygons of n sides and circumradius 1, with the base, b of a rectangle with the same area. The green line shows the case n = 6. The apothem (sometimes abbreviated as apo [1]) of a regular polygon is a line segment from the center to the midpoint of one of its sides.
P is the wetted perimeter of the cross-section. More intuitively, the hydraulic diameter can be understood as a function of the hydraulic radius R H, which is defined as the cross-sectional area of the channel divided by the wetted perimeter. Here, the wetted perimeter includes all surfaces acted upon by shear stress from the fluid. [3]
For example, the perimeter of a rectangle of width 0.001 and length 1000 is slightly above 2000, while the perimeter of a rectangle of width 0.5 and length 2 is 5. Both areas are equal to 1. Proclus (5th century) reported that Greek peasants "fairly" parted fields relying on their perimeters. [ 2 ]
A tape diagram is a rectangular visual model resembling a piece of tape, that is used to assist with the calculation of ratios and addition, subtraction, and commonly multiplication.
For example, start with a 1-by-Φ rectangle, where Φ is the golden ratio. Add an adjacent Φ-by-Φ square and get another golden rectangle. Add an adjacent (1+Φ)-by-(1+Φ) square and get a larger golden rectangle, and so on. Now, in order to separate more than 1/3 of the shapes, the separator must separate O(N) shapes from two different vertices.