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The Iranian languages, also called the Iranic languages, [1] [2] are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, predominantly in the Iranian Plateau.
Persian is a member of the Western Iranian group of the Iranian languages, which make up a branch of the Indo-European languages in their Indo-Iranian subdivision.The Western Iranian languages themselves are divided into two subgroups: Southwestern Iranian languages, of which Persian is the most widely spoken, and Northwestern Iranian languages, of which Kurdish and Balochi are the most widely ...
Iranian Persian (Persian: فارسی ایرانی, romanized: Fârsi-ye Irâni), [2] [3] Western Persian [4] or Western Farsi, [5] natively simply known as Persian (Persian: فارسی, romanized: Fârsi), refers to the varieties of the Persian language spoken in Iran and by others in neighboring countries, as well as by Iranian communities throughout the world.
The current language policy of Iran is addressed in Chapter Two of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Articles 15 & 16). [2] It asserts that the Persian language is the lingua franca of the Iranian nation and as such, required for the school system and for all official government communications.
The Indo-Iranian languages (also known as Indo-Iranic languages [4] [5] or collectively the Aryan languages [6]) constitute the largest branch of the Indo-European language family. They include over 300 languages, [ 7 ] [ 8 ] spoken by around 1.7 billion speakers worldwide, predominantly in South Asia , West Asia and parts of Central Asia .
Distribution of the Iranian languages in and around the Iranian plateau.Western Iranian languages are indicated in the key. The Western Iranian languages or Western Iranic languages are a branch of the Iranian languages, attested from the time of Old Persian (6th century BC) and Median.
The language-shift from Middle Iranian to Turkic and New Persian was predominantly the result of an "elite dominance" process. [119] [120] Moreover, various Turkic-speaking ethnic groups of the Iranian Plateau are often conversant also in an Iranian language and embrace Iranian culture to the extent that the term Turko-Iranian would be applied ...
Common to most Eastern Iranian languages is a particularly widespread lenition of the voiced stops *b, *d, *g. Between vowels, these have been lenited also in most Western Iranian languages, but in Eastern Iranian, spirantization also generally occurs in the word-initial position. This phenomenon is however not apparent in Avestan, and remains ...