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A strain gauge (also spelled strain gage) is a device used to measure strain on an object. Invented by Edward E. Simmons and Arthur C. Ruge in 1938, the most common type of strain gauge consists of an insulating flexible backing which supports a metallic foil pattern.
The definition of the gauge factor does not rely on temperature, however the gauge factor only relates resistance to strain if there are no temperature effects. In practice, where changes in temperature or temperature gradients exist, the equation to derive resistance will have a temperature term. The total effect is:
A strain gauge sensor measures the deformation of the elastic element, and the output of the sensor is converted by an electronic circuit to a signal that represents the load. Capacitive strain gauges measure the deformation of the elastic material using the change in capacitance of two plates as the plates move closer to each other.
Most gages will have one scale marked in either mils or micrometers. Load cell: a transducer that is used to convert a force into electrical signal. This conversion is indirect and happens in two stages. Through a mechanical arrangement, the force being sensed deforms a strain gauge. The strain gauge converts the deformation to electrical signals.
Strain gauges are used to monitor the applied loading or stress fields around the crack tip. They may be placed beneath the path of the crack or on the back face of a compact tension coupon. [6] An extensometer or displacement gauge can be used to measure the crack tip opening displacement at the mouth of a crack. This value can be used to ...
Stress–strain analysis (or stress analysis) is an engineering discipline that uses many methods to determine the stresses and strains in materials and structures subjected to forces. In continuum mechanics , stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other ...
The strain measurements are most commonly measured with an extensometer, but strain gauges are also frequently used on small test specimen or when Poisson's ratio is being measured. [6] Newer test machines have digital time, force, and elongation measurement systems consisting of electronic sensors connected to a data collection device (often a ...
Hence, semiconductor strain gauges with a very high coefficient of sensitivity can be built. For precision measurements they are more difficult to handle than metal strain gauges, because semiconductor strain gauges are generally sensitive to environmental conditions (especially temperature).