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Gravity casting is among the oldest known processes for fabricating metals and metal alloys. [1] It involves the pouring of molten metal from a crucible into a mold under only the force of gravity, without the use of pressurized gases, vacuums, or centrifugal force .
The Acurad system was the first die casting process that could successfully cast low-iron aluminium alloys, such as A356 and A357. In a traditional die casting process these alloys would solder to the die. Similarly, Acurad castings could be heat treated and meet the U.S. military specification MIL-A-21180-D. [5]
The first patented vacuum casting machine and process dates to 1879. [30] Low-pressure filling uses 5 to 15 psig (35 to 100 kPag) of air pressure to force liquid metal up a feed tube into the mold cavity. This eliminates turbulence found in gravity casting and increases density, repeatability, tolerances, and grain uniformity.
Permanent mold casting. Permanent mold casting is a metal casting process that employs reusable molds ("permanent molds"), usually made from metal. The most common process uses gravity to fill the mold, however gas pressure or a vacuum are also used. A variation on the typical gravity casting process, called slush casting, produces
Degassing [4] is a process that may be required to reduce the amount of hydrogen present in a batch of molten metal. Gases can form in metal castings in one of two ways: by physical entrapment during the casting process or; by chemical reaction in the cast material. Hydrogen is a common contaminant for most cast metals.
A bronze casting showing the sprue and risers. A riser, also known as a feeder, [1] is a reservoir built into a metal casting mold to prevent cavities due to shrinkage.Most metals are less dense as a liquid than as a solid so castings shrink upon cooling, which can leave a void at the last point to solidify.
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Gravity-cast magnesium wheels have been in production since the early 1920s and provide good ductility, and relative properties above what can be made with aluminium casting. Tooling costs for gravity-cast wheels are among the cheapest of any process. This has allowed small batch production, flexibility in design and short development time.