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A currency is a kind of money and medium of exchange.Currency includes paper, cotton, or polymer banknotes and metal coins.States generally have a monopoly on the issuing of currency, although some states share currencies with other states.
In many countries there is a distinction between the official exchange rate for permitted transactions within the country, and a parallel exchange rate (or black market, grey, unregulated, unofficial, etc. exchange rate) that responds to excess demand for foreign currency at the official exchange rate.
A commonly used currency in the Americas is the United States dollar. [1] It is the world's largest reserve currency, [2] the resulting economic value of which benefits the U.S. at over $100 billion annually. [3] However, its position as a reserve currency damages American exporters because this increases the value of the United States dollar.
Currency conversion fees, also called foreign currency exchange fees, come in two forms. Both involve charges for converting one currency to another during an international transaction.
Official currency substitution or full currency substitution happens when a country adopts a foreign currency as its sole legal tender, and ceases to issue the domestic currency. Another effect of a country adopting a foreign currency as its own is that the country gives up all power to vary its exchange rate .
After the euro's share of global official foreign exchange reserves approached 25% as of year-end 2006 (vs 65% for the U.S. dollar; see table in Reserve currency#Global currency reserves), former Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan said in September 2007 that it is "absolutely conceivable that the euro will replace the dollar as reserve ...