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The following is a list of the world's oldest surviving physical documents. Each entry is the most ancient of each language or civilization. For example, the Narmer Palette may be the most ancient from Egypt, but there are many other surviving written documents from Egypt later than the Narmer Palette but still more ancient than the Missal of Silos.
The Histories was at some point divided into the nine books that appear in modern editions, conventionally named after the nine Muses. The oldest extant copy of Histories by Herodotus are manuscripts from the Byzantine period dating back to the 9th and 10th centuries CE, the (Codex Laurentianus (Codex A)) [3]
Thucydides, unlike Herodotus, regarded history as being the product of the choices and actions of human beings, and looked at cause and effect, rather than as the result of divine intervention. [7] History developed as a popular form of literature in later Greek and Roman societies in the works of Polybius, Tacitus and others.
The 104-page Crosby-Schøyen Codex from Egypt was written by a single scribe over 40 years, dating back to 250–350 AD.
Nine Pieces (Jiǔ Zhāng) Yuan You (Far-off Journey) Shang Yang: Book of Lord Shang (Shāng jūn shū) Shizi: Book of Master Shi; Guiguzi: Sage of Ghost Valley; Huangdi Sijing: Yellow Emperor's Four Classics; Tale of King Mu, Son of Heaven (Mù Tiānzǐ Zhuàn) Wuzi: Wu Qi's Art of War; Sun Bin's Art of War (Sūn Bìn Bīngfǎ) The Methods of ...
The oldest human skeletal remains are the 40ky old Lake Mungo remains in New South Wales, but human ornaments discovered at Devil's Lair in Western Australia have been dated to 48 kya and artifacts at Madjedbebe in Northern Territory are dated to at least 50 kya, and to 62.1 ± 2.9 ka in one 2017 study. [26] [27] [28] [29]
Ancient history covers all continents inhabited by humans in the period 3000 BC – AD 500, ending with the expansion of Islam in late antiquity. [1] The three-age system periodises ancient history into the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age, with recorded history generally considered to begin with the Bronze Age. The start and end of ...
The Ketef Hinnom scrolls, also described as Ketef Hinnom amulets, are the oldest surviving texts currently known from the Hebrew Bible, dated to c. 600 BCE. [2] The text, written in the Paleo-Hebrew script (not the Babylonian square letters of the modern Hebrew alphabet, more familiar to most modern readers), is from the Book of Numbers in the Hebrew Bible, and has been described as "one of ...