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Beamforming or spatial filtering is a signal processing technique used in sensor arrays for directional signal transmission or reception. [1] This is achieved by combining elements in an antenna array in such a way that signals at particular angles experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference.
Adaptive beamforming was initially developed in the 1960s for the military applications of sonar and radar. [1] There exist several modern applications for beamforming, one of the most visible applications being commercial wireless networks such as LTE. Initial applications of adaptive beamforming were largely focused in radar and electronic ...
Compared with the spatial diversity techniques, beamforming is preferred in terms of complexity. On the other hand, beamforming in general has much lower data rates. In multiple access channels (code-division multiple access (CDMA), frequency-division multiple access (FDMA), time-division multiple access (TDMA)), beamforming is necessary and ...
A Butler matrix is a beamforming network used to feed a phased array of antenna elements. Its purpose is to control the direction of a beam, or beams, of radio transmission . It consists of an n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} matrix ( n {\displaystyle n} some power of two) with hybrid couplers and fixed-value phase shifters at the junctions.
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Three-dimensional beamforming (3DBF), full dimension MIMO or tilt angle adaptation is an interference coordination method in cellular networks and radar systems which brings significant improvements in comparison with conventional 2D beamforming techniques. Most beamforming schemes currently employed in wireless cellular networks control the ...
Discrete-time beamforming is primarily of interest in the fields of seismology, acoustics, sonar and low frequency wireless communications. Antennas regularly make use of beamforming but it is mostly contained within the analog domain. Beamforming begins with an array of sensors to detect a 4-D signal (3 physical dimensions and time).
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