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The graph of the absolute value function for real numbers The absolute value of a number may be thought of as its distance from zero.. In mathematics, the absolute value or modulus of a real number, denoted | |, is the non-negative value of without regard to its sign.
Complex valued elementary functions can be multiple-valued over some domains. The principal value of some of these functions can be obtained by decomposing the function into simpler ones whereby the principal value of the simple functions are straightforward to obtain.
In ethics and social sciences, value denotes the degree of importance of some thing or action, with the aim of determining which actions are best to do or what way is best to live (normative ethics), or to describe the significance of different actions.
Systems can be isolated, closed, or open. A system is a group of interacting or interrelated elements that act according to a set of rules to form a unified whole. [1] A system, surrounded and influenced by its environment, is described by its boundaries, structure and purpose and is expressed in its functioning.
A formal system is an abstract structure and formalization of an axiomatic system used for deducing, using rules of inference, theorems from axioms by a set of inference rules.
The most general form of a 2×2 Hermitian matrix such as the Hamiltonian of a two-state system is given by = (+), where ,, and γ are real numbers with units of energy. The allowed energy levels of the system, namely the eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian matrix, can be found in the usual way.
Mycosphaerella is a genus of ascomycota.With more than 10,000 species, it is the largest genus of plant pathogen fungi.. The following introduction about the fungal genus Mycosphaerella is copied (with permission) from the dissertation of W. Quaedvlieg (named: Re-evaluating Mycosphaerella and allied genera).