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Body integrity dysphoria (BID), also referred to as body integrity identity disorder (BIID), amputee identity disorder or xenomelia, and formerly called apotemnophilia, is a rare mental disorder characterized by a desire to have a sensory or physical disability or feeling discomfort with being able-bodied, beginning in early adolescence and resulting in harmful consequences. [1]
Conversion disorder presented motor or sensory symptoms including: Motor symptoms or deficits: Impaired coordination or balance; Weakness/paralysis of a limb or the entire body (hysterical paralysis or motor conversion disorders) Impairment or loss of speech (hysterical aphonia) Difficulty swallowing or a sensation of a lump in the throat
Gender, side of limb loss, and etiology of amputation have not been shown to affect the onset of phantom limb pain. [2] One investigation of lower limb amputation observed that as stump length decreased, and therefore length of the phantom limb increased, there was a greater incidence of moderate and severe phantom pain. [8]
Studies have shown that individuals with visible differences are at a higher risk of developing anxiety disorders and depression. The constant awareness of being different and the fear of being judged or rejected can increase anxiety levels. Similarly, chronic feelings of isolation or stigmatization can lead to depressive symptoms.
Frostbite is a cold-related injury occurring when an area (typically a limb or other extremity) [17] is exposed to extreme low temperatures, causing the freezing of the skin or other tissues. [18] Its pathophysiology involves the formation of ice crystals upon freezing and blood clots upon thawing, leading to cell damage and cell death. [18]
Somatoparaphrenia is a type of monothematic delusion where one denies ownership of a limb or an entire side of one's body. Even if provided with undeniable proof that the limb belongs to and is attached to their own body, the patient produces elaborate confabulations about whose limb it really is or how the limb ended up on their body.