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Ijtihad (/ ˌ ɪ dʒ t ə ˈ h ɑː d / IJ-tə-HAHD; [1] Arabic: اجتهاد ijtihād [ʔidʒ.tihaːd], lit. ' physical effort ' or ' mental effort ') [2] is an Islamic legal term referring to independent reasoning by an expert in Islamic law, [3] or the thorough exertion of a jurist's mental faculty in finding a solution to a legal question. [2]
A jurist who is qualified to practice ijtihad is known as a mujtahid. [12] The use of independent reasoning to arrive at a ruling is contrasted with taqlīd (imitation), which refers to following the rulings of a mujtahid. [12]
The Qur'an: A New Translation by Muhammad A. S. Abdel Haleem [2] [3] The Clear Quran: A Thematic English Translation by Dr. Mustafa Khattab [4] [5] The Holy Qur'án (The treasure of faith) by Professor Shah Faridul Haque [6] [7] Bridges' Translation of the Ten Qira'at of the Noble Qur'an by Fadel Soliman [8] [9]
Indonesian traditional Quranic school. The spread of Islam in Indonesia was a slow, gradual and relatively peaceful process. One theory suggests it arrived directly from Arabia before the 9th century, while another credits Sufi merchants and preachers for bringing Islam to Indonesian islands in the 12th or 13th century either from Gujarat in India or directly from the Middle East. [4]
Ijma' (Arabic: إجماع, romanized: ijmāʿ, lit. 'consensus', IPA: [ʔid͡ʒ.maːʕ]) is an Arabic term referring to the consensus or agreement of the Islamic community on a point of Islamic law.
According to Taqi al-Din al-Subki, there was an consensus among Muslims that Ibn Daqiq al-'Id "was a mujtahid mutlaq (absolute/autonomous mujtahid) with complete knowledge of legal sciences" as well as the mujaddid in the 8th Islamic century. [11]
The second of them, Abu Abdullah al-Sharif al-Tilmisani (d. 771H/1369CE), was regarded by his contemporaries as "The Most Knowledgeable Man" and had acquired the status of mujtahid. One of his greatest works in Usul al-Fiqh is Miftah al-Usul ila Bina al-Furu' 'ala al-Usul, or The Key to Building the Branches on the Roots of Islamic Jurisprudence.
Recommended precaution (Arabic: احتياط مستحب, romanized: Ihtiyat Mustahabb) is a fiqh term, prominently used by Shi'a marjas when giving fatwas. Ihtiyat is an action in such a way that includes certain knowledge to original Taklif.