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When one does not know the exact solution, one may look for the approximation with small residual. Residuals appear in many areas in mathematics, including iterative solvers such as the generalized minimal residual method , which seeks solutions to equations by systematically minimizing the residual.
Alternatively, residues can be calculated by finding Laurent series expansions, and one can define the residue as the coefficient a −1 of a Laurent series. The concept can be used to provide contour integration values of certain contour integral problems considered in the residue theorem .
All single bit errors within the bitfilter period mentioned above (for even terms in the generator polynomial) can be identified uniquely by their residual. So CRC method can be used to correct single-bit errors as well (within those limits, e.g. 32,767 bits with optimal generator polynomials of degree 16).
Thus to compare residuals at different inputs, one needs to adjust the residuals by the expected variability of residuals, which is called studentizing. This is particularly important in the case of detecting outliers, where the case in question is somehow different from the others in a dataset. For example, a large residual may be expected in ...
In complex analysis, the residue theorem, sometimes called Cauchy's residue theorem, is a powerful tool to evaluate line integrals of analytic functions over closed curves; it can often be used to compute real integrals and infinite series as well.
The general regression model with n observations and k explanators, the first of which is a constant unit vector whose coefficient is the regression intercept, is = + where y is an n × 1 vector of dependent variable observations, each column of the n × k matrix X is a vector of observations on one of the k explanators, is a k × 1 vector of true coefficients, and e is an n× 1 vector of the ...
In modular arithmetic, the integers coprime (relatively prime) to n from the set {,, …,} of n non-negative integers form a group under multiplication modulo n, called the multiplicative group of integers modulo n.
If use of the damping factor / results in a reduction in squared residual, then this is taken as the new value of (and the new optimum location is taken as that obtained with this damping factor) and the process continues; if using / resulted in a worse residual, but using resulted in a better residual, then ...