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First, the kernel-as-an-ideal is the equivalence class of the neutral element e A under the kernel-as-a-congruence. For the converse direction, we need the notion of quotient in the Mal'cev algebra (which is division on either side for groups and subtraction for vector spaces, modules, and rings).
The kernel of a m × n matrix A over a field K is a linear subspace of K n. That is, the kernel of A, the set Null(A), has the following three properties: Null(A) always contains the zero vector, since A0 = 0. If x ∈ Null(A) and y ∈ Null(A), then x + y ∈ Null(A). This follows from the distributivity of matrix multiplication over addition.
Universal algebra defines a notion of kernel for homomorphisms between two algebraic structures of the same kind. This concept of kernel measures how far the given homomorphism is from being injective. There is some overlap between this algebraic notion and the categorical notion of kernel since both generalize the situation of groups and ...
Kernel (linear algebra) or null space, a set of vectors mapped to the zero vector; Kernel (category theory), a generalization of the kernel of a homomorphism; Kernel (set theory), an equivalence relation: partition by image under a function; Difference kernel, a binary equalizer: the kernel of the difference of two functions
the kernel is the space of solutions to the homogeneous equation T(v) = 0, and its dimension is the number of degrees of freedom in solutions to T(v) = w, if they exist; the cokernel is the space of constraints on w that must be satisfied if the equation is to have a solution, and its dimension is the number of independent constraints that must ...
An unrelated notion is that of the kernel of a non-empty family of sets, which by definition is the intersection of all its elements: = . This definition is used in the theory of filters to classify them as being free or principal .
Ideal correspondence: Given a surjective ring homomorphism : , there is a bijective order-preserving correspondence between the left (resp. right, two-sided) ideals of containing the kernel of and the left (resp. right, two-sided) ideals of : the correspondence is given by () and the pre-image .
The kernel of is a normal subgroup of , The image of is a subgroup of , and ... Hungerford, Thomas W. (1980), Algebra (Graduate Texts in Mathematics, 73), ...