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Cephalopods, as active marine predators, possess sensory organs specialized for use in aquatic conditions. [1] They have a camera-type eye which consists of an iris, a circular lens, vitreous cavity (eye gel), pigment cells, and photoreceptor cells that translate light from the light-sensitive retina into nerve signals which travel along the optic nerve to the brain. [2]
Cirrothauma murrayi, the blind cirrate octopus, [2] is a nearly blind octopus whose eyes can sense light, but not form images. It has been found worldwide, usually 1,500 to 4,500 metres (4,900 to 14,800 ft) beneath the ocean's surface.
C. magna is the sister taxon of Cirrothauma murrayi, but can be readily distinguished by having large and well developed eyes (whereas C. murrayi is near blind). [4] Cirrothauma magna is likely the largest species of cirrate octopus, one female specimen measuring 1.7 m total length. [5] The animal has delicate, jelly-like flesh. [2]
Argonauta species are characterised by very large eyes and small webs between the arms. The funnel–mantle locking apparatus is a major diagnostic feature of this taxon. It consists of knob-like cartilages in the mantle and corresponding depressions in the funnel.
This octopus is named for the false eye spot (ocellus) under each real eye. These ocelli are an iridescent blue, chain-link circle, set in a circle of black. On its arms, the octopus possesses many "suckers" that it uses to taste. They have three hearts, two gills, blue blood, and a donut-shaped brain. [5]
Scallops have up to 100 simple eyes. The molluscs have the widest variety of eye morphologies of any phylum, [1] and a large degree of variation in their function. Cephalopods such as octopus, squid, and cuttlefish have eyes as complex as those of vertebrates, while scallops have up to 100 simple eyes.
One of the most recent sightings of the glass octopus occurred in 2021, when marine scientists from Boston University captured video of two glass octopuses while aboard the Falkor research vessel. [ 3 ] It has a mantle length up to 11 cm (4.3 in) and a total length up to 45 cm (18 in) in adults.
An octopus in a zoo. Due to their intelligence, cephalopods are commonly protected by animal testing regulations that do not usually apply to invertebrates. In the UK from 1993 to 2012, the common octopus (Octopus vulgaris) was the only invertebrate protected under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. [48]