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Alan Kostelecký and Stuart Samuel showed in 1989 that mechanisms arising in the context of string theory can lead to spontaneous breaking of Lorentz symmetry. [6] [7] A set of models at the level of effective field theory were defined that contained gravitational fields and a vector field B μ that has a nonzero vacuum expectation value, <B μ > = b μ.
The photon having non-zero linear momentum, one could imagine that it has a non-vanishing rest mass m 0, which is its mass at zero speed. However, we will now show that this is not the case: m 0 = 0. Since the photon propagates with the speed of light, special relativity is called for. The relativistic expressions for energy and momentum ...
In theoretical physics, Pauli–Villars regularization (P–V) is a procedure that isolates divergent terms from finite parts in loop calculations in field theory in order to renormalize the theory. Wolfgang Pauli and Felix Villars published the method in 1949, based on earlier work by Richard Feynman , Ernst Stueckelberg and Dominique Rivier.
The probability for a photon to be in a particular polarization state depends on the fields as calculated by the classical Maxwell's equations. The polarization state of the photon is proportional to the field. The probability itself is quadratic in the fields and consequently is also quadratic in the quantum state of polarization.
Examples of bosonic fields include scalar fields, gauge fields, and symmetric 2-tensor fields, which are characterized by their covariance under Lorentz transformations and have spins 0, 1 and 2, respectively. Physical examples, in the same order, are the Higgs field, the photon field, and the graviton field.
Sally Field, at the premiere of HBO's Winning Time: The Rise of the Lakers Dynasty on March 2, says ex Burt Reynolds "invented" that she was the love of his life.(Photo: AP Photo/Chris Pizzello ...
Photon statistics is the theoretical and experimental study of the statistical distributions ... signal field, LO, local oscillator, BS, beam splitter, SL ...
Julianne Moore is speaking out after her children’s book, Freckleface Strawberry, has reportedly been removed in schools. In a Feb. 16 Instagram post, the Oscar-winning actress, 64, wrote that ...