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The boot loader hands control over to the kernel, which initializes the various devices to a known state and makes the computer ready for general operations. [10] The kernel is responsible for managing tasks (i.e., for managing the CPU's time) and communicating between tasks. [11] The fundamental service provided by the kernel is context switching.
Unlike C and C++, Objective-C includes an #import directive that is like #include but results in a file being included only once – eliminating the need for include guards and #pragma once. The Objective-C directive should not be confused with the C++ keyword import , which is used to import C++ modules (since C++20 ), and is not a ...
Moreover, C++11 allows foreach loops to be applied to any class that provides the begin and end functions. It's then possible to write generator-like classes by defining both the iterable methods (begin and end) and the iterator methods (operator!=, operator++ and operator*) in the same class. For example, it is possible to write the following ...
C++20 adds versions of the algorithms defined in the < algorithm > header which operate on ranges rather than pairs of iterators. The ranges versions of algorithm functions are scoped within the ranges namespace. They extend the functionality of the basic algorithms by allowing iterator-sentinel pairs to be used instead of requiring that both ...
The C++ programming language (originally named "C with Classes") was devised by Bjarne Stroustrup as an approach to providing object-oriented functionality with a C-like syntax. [67] C++ adds greater typing strength, scoping, and other tools useful in object-oriented programming, and permits generic programming via templates.
The C++ Standard Library is based upon conventions introduced by the Standard Template Library (STL), and has been influenced by research in generic programming and developers of the STL such as Alexander Stepanov and Meng Lee. [4] [5] Although the C++ Standard Library and the STL share many features, neither is a strict superset of the other.
The "generic programming" paradigm is an approach to software decomposition whereby fundamental requirements on types are abstracted from across concrete examples of algorithms and data structures and formalized as concepts, analogously to the abstraction of algebraic theories in abstract algebra. [6]
C++ (1985) was originally called "C with Classes." [24] It was designed to expand C's capabilities by adding the object-oriented facilities of the language Simula. [25] An object-oriented module is composed of two files. The definitions file is called the header file. Here is a C++ header file for the GRADE class in a simple school application: