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Justus Freiherr von Liebig [a] (12 May 1803 – 18 April 1873) [2] was a German scientist who made major contributions to the theory, practice, and pedagogy of chemistry, as well as to agricultural and biological chemistry; he is considered one of the principal founders of organic chemistry. [3]
The analytical engine was a proposed digital mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician and computer pioneer Charles Babbage. [2] [3] It was first described in 1837 as the successor to Babbage's Difference Engine, which was a design for a simpler mechanical calculator.
The work of Martin and Synge also set the stage for high performance liquid chromatography, suggesting that small sorbent particles and pressure could produce fast liquid chromatography techniques. This became widely practical by the late 1960s (and the method was used to separate amino acids as early as 1960).
1837: Charles Babbage proposes a design for the construction of a Turing complete, general purpose Computer, to be called the Analytical Engine. 1838: Matthias Schleiden: all plants are made of cells. 1838: Friedrich Bessel: first successful measure of stellar parallax (to star 61 Cygni). 1842: Christian Doppler: Doppler effect.
[citation needed] During his experiments on fluid mechanics, Biruni invented the conical measure, [6] in order to find the ratio between the weight of a substance in air and the weight of water displaced. [citation needed] Al-Khazini, in The Book of the Balance of Wisdom (1121), invented a hydrostatic balance. [7]
The engine's cycle of operations including sectional drawings and indicator diagrams for both gas and petroleum fueled versions. Details of the way the liquid fuel was introduced are described over 11 pages of Dugald Clerk's book Gas and Oil Engines. [7] The petroleum engine in these tests was made by the "New York and New Jersey Ready Motor ...
The incomplete Difference Engine No. 1 was put on display to the public at the 1862 International Exhibition in South Kensington, London. [13] [14] Babbage went on to design his much more general analytical engine, but later designed an improved "Difference Engine No. 2" design (31-digit numbers and seventh-order differences), [9] between 1846 ...
Carl Paul Gottfried von Linde (11 June 1842 – 16 November 1934) was a German scientist, engineer, and businessman. He discovered the refrigeration cycle and invented the first industrial-scale air separation and gas liquefaction processes, which led to the first reliable and efficient compressed-ammonia refrigerator in 1876.