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Infantile epileptic spasms syndrome (IESS) previously known as West syndrome needs the inclusion of epileptic spasms for diagnosis. [1] Epileptic spasms (also known as infantile spasms) may also occur outside of a syndrome (that is, in the absence of hypsarrhythmia and cognitive regression) - notably in association with severe brain disorders (e.g. lissencephaly).
These myoclonic twitches, jerks, or seizures are usually caused by sudden muscle contractions (positive myoclonus) or brief lapses of contraction (negative myoclonus). The most common circumstance under which they occur is while falling asleep (hypnic jerk). Myoclonic jerks occur in healthy people and are experienced occasionally by everyone.
ii. Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) presents in developmentally normal teens and young adults with myoclonic seizures, that often occur in the morning and can be triggered by sleep deprivation or flashing lights. The majority (over 90%) also will develop generalized tonic-clonic seizures, which are often heralded by a cluster of myoclonic jerks.
A hypnic jerk, hypnagogic jerk, sleep start, sleep twitch, myoclonic jerk, or night start is a brief and sudden involuntary contraction of the muscles of the body which occurs when a person is beginning to fall asleep, often causing the person to jump and awaken suddenly for a moment.
Myoclonic seizures are brief jerks of limbs or body lasting milliseconds. [6] Tonic seizures are abrupt increases in muscle tone greater than 2 seconds in duration. [6] Clonic seizures occur as rhythmic body jerks. [7] Myoclonic-atonic seizures begins with one or more jerks (myoclonic phase) followed by a loss of muscle tone (atonic phase). [6]
There are three principal seizure types which may occur in JME: myoclonus, generalized tonic–clonic seizures and absence seizures. Approximately one-third of patients have all three seizure types. [13] The majority of patients (58.2%) have frequent myoclonic jerks, [13] with some sources stating that all patients with JME have myoclonic ...
Myoclonic epilepsy refers to a family of epilepsies that present with myoclonus. When myoclonic jerks are occasionally associated with abnormal brain wave activity, it can be categorized as myoclonic seizure. If the abnormal brain wave activity is persistent and results from ongoing seizures, then a diagnosis of myoclonic epilepsy may be ...
The essential changes in terminology are that "partial" is called "focal" with awareness used as a classifier for focal seizures -based on description focal seizures are now defined as behavioral arrest, automatisms, cognitive, autonomic, emotional or hyperkinetic variants while atonic, myoclonic, clonic, infantile spasms, and tonic seizures ...