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Projected global surface temperature changes relative to 1850–1900, based on CMIP6 multi-model mean changes. The IPCC Sixth Assessment Report defines global mean surface temperature (GMST) as the "estimated global average of near-surface air temperatures over land and sea ice, and sea surface temperature (SST) over ice-free ocean regions, with changes normally expressed as departures from a ...
Juckes et al. 2007 "Millennial temperature reconstruction intercomparison and evaluation". Loehle & McCulloch (2008) "Correction to: A 2000-year global temperature reconstruction based on non-tree ring proxies". Mann et al. 2008 "Proxy-based reconstructions of hemispheric and global surface temperature variations over the past two millennia".
According to IPCC Sixth Assessment Report, in the last 170 years, humans have caused the global temperature to increase to the highest level in the last 2,000 years. The current multi-century period is the warmest in the past 100,000 years. [3] The temperature in the years 2011-2020 was 1.09 °C higher than in 1859–1890.
Near-surface air temperature, the temperature of the air near the surface of the Earth; Sea surface temperature, the temperature of water close to the ocean's surface; Global surface temperature, the combined global average of near-surface air temperature and sea surface temperature; Surface temperature of a star, often the effective temperature
Satellite measurements of the surface temperature of Antarctica, taken between 1982 and 2013, found a coldest temperature of −93.2 °C (−135.8 °F) on 10 August 2010, at Although this is not comparable to an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperature at this location would have been lower than the official record lowest air ...
Reconstruction of the past 5 million years of climate history, based on oxygen isotope fractionation in deep sea sediment cores (serving as a proxy for the total global mass of glacial ice sheets), fitted to a model of orbital forcing (Lisiecki and Raymo 2005) [2] and to the temperature scale derived from Vostok ice cores following Petit et al. (1999).
It concluded "with a high level of confidence that global mean surface temperature was higher during the last few decades of the 20th century than during any comparable period during the preceding four centuries", justified by consistent evidence from a wide variety of geographically diverse proxies, but "Less confidence can be placed in large ...
The initial version of Global Historical Climatology Network was developed in the summer of 1992. [3] This first version, known as Version 1 was a collaboration between research stations and data sets alike to the World Weather Records program and the World Monthly Surface Station Climatology from the National Center for Atmospheric Research. [4]