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Additional energy is required during pregnancy due to the expansion of maternal tissues and stored to support fetal development. In the first trimester (blastogenesis and early embryonic stages), the mother experiences a minimal weight gain (approximately 0.5-2 kilograms), while the embryo weighs only 6 grams.
The increase in kidney clearance during pregnancy causes more iodide to be excreted and causes relative iodine deficiency and as a result an increase in thyroid size. Estrogen-stimulated increase in thyroid-binding globulin (TBG) leads to an increase in total thyroxine (T4), but free thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) remain normal.
During pregnancy, a woman's mass increases by about 12 kg (26 lb). [39] The European Food Safety Authority recommends an increase of 300 mL per day compared to the normal intake for non-pregnant women, taking the total adequate water intake (from food and fluids) to 2,300 mL, or approximately 1,850 mL/ day from fluids alone. [40]
Pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability is probably a physiologically adaptive mechanism to prevent post partum hemorrhage. [1] Pregnancy changes the plasma levels of many clotting factors, such as fibrinogen, which can rise up to three times its normal value. [2] Thrombin levels increase. [3] Protein S, an anticoagulant, decreases.
For many years it was believed that late cord cutting led to a mother's risk of experiencing significant bleeding after giving birth, called postpartum bleeding. However a recent review found that delayed cord cutting in healthy full-term infants resulted in early haemoglobin concentration and higher birthweight and increased iron reserves up ...
There are increased energy requirements and specific micronutrient requirements. [16] Women benefit from education to encourage a balanced energy and protein intake during pregnancy. [94] Some women may need professional medical advice if their diet is affected by medical conditions, food allergies, or specific religious/ ethical beliefs. [95]
The levels of hCG in the body increase rapidly in the first few weeks of pregnancy, doubling every 48–72 hours. [7] The highest level of hCG is reached in week 10 or week 11, later the levels of hCG can be used to estimate the age of the fetus and monitor the progress of the pregnancy.
Pregnant patients may have bleeding from the reproductive tract due to trauma, including sexual trauma, neoplasm, most commonly cervical cancer, and hematologic disorders. Molar pregnancy (also called hydatiform mole ) is a type of pregnancy where the sperm and the egg have joined within the uterus, but the result is a cyst resembling a grape ...