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A modifier letter, in the Unicode Standard, is a letter or symbol typically written next to another letter that it modifies in some way. They generally function like diacritics , changing the sound-values of the letter it is next to (usually the letter preceding it but sometimes the following letter instead).
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) makes use of letters from other writing systems as most phonetic scripts do. IPA notably uses Latin, Greek and Cyrillic characters. Combining diacritics also add meaning to the phonetic text. Finally, these phonetic alphabets make use of modifier letters, that are specially constructed for phonetic meaning.
Modifier h with hook breathy/ voiced aspiration ̤: Equivalent on the IPA ˀ: Modifier glottal stop creaky voice/ glottalization ̰: Equivalent on the IPA ̴: Combining middle tilde velarization ˠ: Equivalent on the IPA ˉ , ˗ , ˍ Modifier high, mid and low macron behind high, mid and low-level tone or intonation removed ˭ , ₌
The letters chosen for the IPA are meant to harmonize with the Latin alphabet. [note 7] For this reason, most letters are either Latin or Greek, or modifications thereof. Some letters are neither: for example, the letter denoting the glottal stop, ʔ , originally had the form of a question mark with the dot removed.
Modifier Letter Vertical Line · U+02C9 ˉ 713 Modifier Letter Macron 0361 in WGL4: U+02CA ˊ 714 Modifier Letter Acute Accent · U+02CB ˋ 715 Modifier Letter Grave Accent U+02CC ˌ 716 Modifier Letter Low Vertical Line U+02CD ˍ 717 Modifier Letter Low Macron U+02CE ˎ 718 Modifier Letter Low Grave Accent U+02CF ˏ 719 Modifier Letter Low ...
Spacing Modifier Letters is a Unicode block containing characters for the IPA, UPA, and other phonetic transcriptions. Included are the IPA tone marks, and modifiers for aspiration and palatalization .
One letter has a line below: ḻ (/ɭ/) (Vedic). Unlike ASCII -only romanisations such as ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto , the diacritics used for IAST allow capitalisation of proper names. The capital variants of letters never occurring word-initially ( Ṁ Ṇ Ṅ Ñ Ṝ Ḹ ) are useful only when writing in all-caps and in Pāṇini contexts for ...
In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents.In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most South Asian languages and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.