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The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) makes use of letters from other writing systems as most phonetic scripts do. IPA notably uses Latin, Greek and Cyrillic characters. Combining diacritics also add meaning to the phonetic text. Finally, these phonetic alphabets make use of modifier letters, that are specially constructed for phonetic meaning.
A modifier letter, in the Unicode Standard, is a letter or symbol typically written next to another letter that it modifies in some way. They generally function like diacritics , changing the sound-values of the letter it is next to (usually the letter preceding it but sometimes the following letter instead).
Modifier h with hook breathy/ voiced aspiration ̤: Equivalent on the IPA ˀ: Modifier glottal stop creaky voice/ glottalization ̰: Equivalent on the IPA ̴: Combining middle tilde velarization ˠ: Equivalent on the IPA ˉ , ˗ , ˍ Modifier high, mid and low macron behind high, mid and low-level tone or intonation removed ˭ , ₌
HTML and XML provide ways to reference Unicode characters when the characters themselves either cannot or should not be used. A numeric character reference refers to a character by its Universal Character Set/Unicode code point, and a character entity reference refers to a character by a predefined name.
One letter has a line below: ḻ (/ɭ/) (Vedic). Unlike ASCII -only romanisations such as ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto , the diacritics used for IAST allow capitalisation of proper names. The capital variants of letters never occurring word-initially ( Ṁ Ṇ Ṅ Ñ Ṝ Ḹ ) are useful only when writing in all-caps and in Pāṇini contexts for ...
Spacing Modifier Letters is a Unicode block containing characters for the IPA, UPA, and other phonetic transcriptions. Included are the IPA tone marks, and modifiers for aspiration and palatalization .
ʰ : Modifier letter small h is used in Indo-European studies [15] ʮ and ʯ : Turned H with fishhook and turned H with fishhook and tail are used in Sino-Tibetanist linguistics [16] Ƕ ƕ : Latin letter hwair, derived from a ligature of the digraph hv, and used to transliterate the Gothic letter 𐍈 (which represented the sound [hʷ])
In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents.In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most South Asian languages and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.