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According to Schachter and Singer (1962) [26] we can have arousal without emotion, but we cannot have an emotion without arousal. Essentially, humans injected with epinephrine without knowing the actual content of the injection, feel an increase in heart rate, sweating, and nervousness , but that does not elicit an affective response.
Maslach (1979) designed a study to try to replicate and extend on the Schachter and Singer study. Instead of being injected with epinephrine, the administrators used hypnotic suggestions for the source of arousal. Either the subjects were hypnotized or were used as a control (same as the placebo effect in the Schachter and Singer study).
The same woman becomes more attractive when meeting on the exciting suspension bridge. Donald Dutton and Arthur Aron's study (1974) [3] to test the causation of misattribution of arousal incorporated an attractive confederate woman to wait at the end of a bridge that was either a suspension bridge (that would induce fear) or a sturdy bridge (that would not induce fear).
Stanley Schachter (April 15, 1922 – June 7, 1997) was an American social psychologist best known for his development of the two factor theory of emotion in 1962 along with Jerome E. Singer. In his theory he states that emotions have two ingredients: physiological arousal and a cognitive label.
Lazarus' theory is very influential; emotion is a disturbance that occurs in the following order: Cognitive appraisal: The individual assesses the event cognitively, which cues the emotion. Physiological changes: The cognitive reaction starts biological changes such as increased heart rate or pituitary adrenal response.
Jerome E. Singer was born in the Bronx in 1934. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1956 and earned his PhD in 1960 from the University of Minnesota. [2] He studied under Stanley Schachter who was a former student of Kurt Lewin.
The father of one of the victims of the mass shooting at a Parkland, Florida, school shared a heartbreaking poem his son wrote just weeks before his death.. Max Schachter read a free verse poem ...
A third theory of emotion is Schachter and Singer's two factor theory of emotion. This theory states that cognitions are used to interpret the meaning of physiological reactions to outside events. This theory is different in that emotion is developed from not only cognition, but that combined with a physical reaction.