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The negative effects of pregestational diabetes are due to high blood sugar and insulin levels primarily during the first trimester of pregnancy (in contrast to gestational diabetes, which can lead to fetal complications during the second and third trimester). Since this period is when many of the major internal structures and organs of the ...
Some side effects are hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), hypokalemia (low blood potassium), and allergic reactions. [6] Allergy to insulin affected about 2% of people, of which most reactions are not due to the insulin itself but to preservatives added to insulin such as zinc, protamine, and meta-cresol.
The insulin aspart protamine portion is a crystalline form of insulin aspart, which delays the action of the insulin, giving it a prolonged absorption profile after injection. [14] The combination of the fast-acting form and the long-acting form allows the patient to receive fewer injections over the course of the day.
Insulin resistance, or low insulin sensitivity, happens when cells throughout the body don’t respond properly to the hormone insulin, especially cells in muscles, fat and the liver.
Other serious side effects include low blood potassium. [7] NPH insulin rather than insulin glargine is generally preferred in pregnancy. [8] After injection, microcrystals slowly release insulin for about 24 hours. [7] This insulin causes body tissues to absorb glucose from the blood and decreases glucose production by the liver. [7]
The same review did not find any differences in effects of using these insulin analogues between adults and children. [6] Most oral anti-diabetic agents are contraindicated in pregnancy, in which case insulin is preferred. [7] Insulin is not administered by other routes, although this has been studied.
Other serious side effects may include low blood potassium. [5] Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is generally safe. [7] It works the same as human insulin by increasing the amount of glucose that tissues take in and decreasing the amount of glucose made by the liver. [5] Insulin lispro was first approved for use in the United States in 1996.
Non-modifiable risk factors include a family history of diabetes, advanced maternal age, and ethnicity. Modifiable risk factors include maternal obesity. [14] There is an elevated demand for insulin during pregnancy which leads to increased insulin production from pancreatic beta cells. The elevated demand is a result of increased maternal ...