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The negative effects of pregestational diabetes are due to high blood sugar and insulin levels primarily during the first trimester of pregnancy (in contrast to gestational diabetes, which can lead to fetal complications during the second and third trimester). Since this period is when many of the major internal structures and organs of the ...
Other serious side effects include low blood potassium. [7] NPH insulin rather than insulin glargine is generally preferred in pregnancy. [8] After injection, microcrystals slowly release insulin for about 24 hours. [7] This insulin causes body tissues to absorb glucose from the blood and decreases glucose production by the liver. [7]
Some side effects are hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), hypokalemia (low blood potassium), and allergic reactions. [6] Allergy to insulin affected about 2% of people, of which most reactions are not due to the insulin itself but to preservatives added to insulin such as zinc, protamine, and meta-cresol.
Insulin resistance, or low insulin sensitivity, happens when cells throughout the body don’t respond properly to the hormone insulin, especially cells in muscles, fat and the liver.
The common side effect is low blood sugar. [5] Other side effects may include pain or skin changes at the sites of injection, low blood potassium, and allergic reactions. [5] Use during pregnancy is relatively safe for the baby. [5] Regular insulin can be made from the pancreas of pigs or cows. [2]
Other serious side effects may include low blood potassium. [5] Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is generally safe. [7] It works the same as human insulin by increasing the amount of glucose that tissues take in and decreasing the amount of glucose made by the liver. [5] Insulin lispro was first approved for use in the United States in 1996.
More insulin is needed to overcome this resistance; about 1.5–2.5 times more insulin is produced than in a normal pregnancy. [25] Insulin resistance is a normal phenomenon emerging in the second trimester of pregnancy, which in cases of GDM progresses thereafter to levels seen in a non-pregnant woman with type 2 diabetes.
Impaired fasting glucose is often without any signs or symptoms, other than higher than normal glucose levels being detected in an individual's fasting blood sample.There may be signs and symptoms associated with elevated blood glucose, though these are likely to be minor, with significant symptoms suggestive of complete progression to type 2 diabetes.
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