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Kernicterus is a bilirubin-induced brain dysfunction. [1] The term was coined in 1904 by Christian Georg Schmorl.Bilirubin is a naturally occurring substance in the body of humans and many other animals, but it is neurotoxic when its concentration in the blood is too high, a condition known as hyperbilirubinemia.
People with GS predominantly have elevated unconjugated bilirubin, while conjugated bilirubin is usually within the normal range or is less than 20% of the total. Levels of bilirubin in GS patients are reported to be from 20 μM to 90 μM (1.2 to 5.3 mg/dl) [38] compared to the normal amount of < 20 μM. GS patients have a ratio of unconjugated ...
Extremely high levels of unconjugated bilirubin in plasma enables bilirubin to cross the blood-brain-barrier to reach the brain and central nervous system to impart damage. This is termed kernicterus, or bilirubin encephalopathy. Kernicterus is rare in adults but is prevalent in newborns with underdeveloped blood-brain barriers and lower ...
This condition causes elevated blood sugar levels, leading to increased thirst (polydipsia) and frequent urination (polyuria). ... Without treatment, diabetes in dogs can cause uncontrolled ...
There are additional rare causes of hereditary hyperbilirubinemia like Lucey-Driscoll syndrome and Heme Oxygenase-1 Deficiency. [1] Both Gilbert syndrome and Crigler-Najjar syndrome cause an elevated unconjugated bilirubin level due to mutations in the UGT1A1 gene, which conjugates bilirubin within liver cells so it can be excreted.
Intrahepatic causes can be associated with elevated levels of conjugated bilirubin, unconjugated bilirubin or both. [21] They include: [21] Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, where the newborn's liver is not able to properly process the bilirubin causing jaundice; Hepatocellular disease Viral infections (hepatitis A, B, and C) Chronic alcohol use
Jaundice, also known as icterus, is a yellowish or greenish pigmentation of the skin and sclera due to high bilirubin levels. [3] [6] Jaundice in adults is typically a sign indicating the presence of underlying diseases involving abnormal heme metabolism, liver dysfunction, or biliary-tract obstruction. [7]
Treatment depends on the type and cause of the hemolytic anemia. [2] Symptoms of hemolytic anemia are similar to other forms of anemia (fatigue and shortness of breath), but in addition, the breakdown of red cells leads to jaundice and increases the risk of particular long-term complications, such as gallstones [4] and pulmonary hypertension. [5]