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  2. operations research - Encyclopedia Britannica

    www.britannica.com/topic/operations-research

    Operations research, application of scientific methods to the management and administration of organized military, governmental, commercial, and industrial processes. Operations research attempts to provide those who manage organized systems with an objective and quantitative basis for decision; it.

  3. Operations research - Problem-Solving, Modeling, Analysis |...

    www.britannica.com/topic/operations-research/Essential-characteristics

    Three essential characteristics of operations research are a systems orientation, the use of interdisciplinary teams, and the application of scientific method to the conditions under which the research is conducted.

  4. Characteristics of operations research | Britannica

    www.britannica.com/summary/operations-research

    operations research, Application of scientific methods to management and administration of military, government, commercial, and industrial systems. It began during World War II in Britain when teams of scientists worked with the Royal Air Force to improve radar detection of enemy aircraft, leading to coordinated efforts to improve the entire ...

  5. Operations research - Mathematical Modeling, WWII, Decision...

    www.britannica.com/topic/operations-research/History

    Thus, operations research attempts to evaluate the effect of changes in any part of a system on the performance of the system as a whole and to search for causes of a problem that arises in one part of a system in other parts or in the interrelationships between parts.

  6. management science - Encyclopedia Britannica

    www.britannica.com/topic/management-science

    Management science, any application of science to the study of management. Originally a synonym for operations research, the term management science (often used in the plural) now designates a distinct field. Whereas operations research affords analytical data, statistics, and methods to increase.

  7. Operations research - Modeling, Solutions, Analysis | Britannica

    www.britannica.com/topic/operations-research/Deriving-solutions-from-models

    Operations research - Modeling, Solutions, Analysis: Procedures for deriving solutions from models are either deductive or inductive. With deduction one moves directly from the model to a solution in either symbolic or numerical form.

  8. Scientific method | Definition, Steps, & Application | Britannica

    www.britannica.com/science/scientific-method

    Learn how to use the scientific method. The scientific method is critical to the development of scientific theories, which explain empirical (experiential) laws in a scientifically rational manner. In a typical application of the scientific method, a researcher develops a hypothesis, tests it through various means, and then modifies the ...

  9. Optimization | Definition, Techniques, & Facts | Britannica

    www.britannica.com/science/optimization

    Optimization, collection of mathematical principles and methods used for solving quantitative problems. Optimization problems typically have three fundamental elements: a quantity to be maximized or minimized, a collection of variables, and a set of constraints that restrict the variables.

  10. Systems engineering | Definition, Examples, Techniques, & Facts...

    www.britannica.com/topic/systems-engineering

    Operations research and systems engineering. A second major source for systems engineering is operations research, which originated in a recognizable form in Britain during World War II and initially was concerned with the best employment of military equipment.

  11. business finance - Encyclopedia Britannica

    www.britannica.com/money/business-finance

    business finance, the raising and managing of funds by business organizations. Planning, analysis, and control operations are responsibilities of the financial manager, who is usually close to the top of the organizational structure of a firm. In very large firms, major financial decisions are often made by a finance committee.