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Surgical stainless steel is a grade of stainless steel used in biomedical applications. The most common "surgical steels" are austenitic SAE 316 stainless and martensitic SAE 440, SAE 420, and 17-4 stainless steels. [1]
Medical grade silicones are silicones tested for biocompatibility and are appropriate to be used for medical applications. [1] In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH) regulates devices implanted into the body. It does not regulate materials other than certain dental materials.
The ISO 10993 set entails a series of standards for evaluating the biocompatibility of medical devices to manage biological risk. These documents were preceded by the Tripartite agreement and is a part of the international harmonisation of the safe use evaluation of medical devices. [1]
This is a drawback since many medical devices are made of more than one material. Much of the pre-clinical testing of the materials is not conducted on the devices but rather the material itself. But at some stage the testing will have to include the device since the shape, geometry and surface treatment etc. of the device will also affect its ...
Metals were the most common material for orthopedic plates, until cytotoxic tests were used to determine biocompatibility of metals put into the patients body post operation. [ citation needed ] Modern orthopedic plating did not start until the 1950s where Maurice Muller formed AO/ASIF (Association for the study of internal fixation) along with ...
Medical grade honey is another antiseptic option, and there is moderate evidence that honey dressings are more effective than common antiseptic and gauze for healing infected post-operative wounds. [6] Bioelectric dressings can be effective in attacking certain antibiotic-resistant bacteria [7] and speeding up the healing process. [8]
Through many millennia, various suture materials were used or proposed. Needles were made of bone or metals such as silver, copper, and aluminium bronze wire. Sutures were made of plant materials (flax, hemp and cotton) or animal material (hair, tendons, arteries, muscle strips and nerves, silk, and catgut). [citation needed]
ACS grade is the highest level of purity, and meets the standards set by the American Chemical Society (ACS). The official descriptions of the ACS levels of purity is documented in the Reagent Chemicals publication, issued by the ACS. [3] [4] It is suitable for food and laboratory uses. Reagent grade is almost as stringent as the ACS grade.