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Chromium toxicity refers to any poisonous toxic effect in an organism or cell that results from exposure to specific forms of chromium—especially hexavalent chromium. [1] Hexavalent chromium and its compounds are toxic when inhaled or ingested. Trivalent chromium is a trace mineral that is essential to human nutrition.
The current AIs for chromium for women are 25 μg/day for women ages 14–50 and 20 μg/day for older women. AI for pregnancy is 30 μg/day. AI for lactation is 45 μg/day. AI for men is 35 μg/day for ages 14–50 and 30 μg/day for older. For infants to children ages 1–13 years, the AI increases with age from 0.2 to 25 μg/day.
Although the safety of daily chromium doses of up to 1,000 μg has been shown, there are some reports of serious adverse effects by using chromium picolinate, including kidney failure from a six-week course of 600 μg per day and liver disease after using 1,200 to 2,400 μg per day over four to five months. [2]
Many metals, particularly heavy metals are toxic, but some are essential, and some, such as bismuth, have a low toxicity. Metals in an oxidation state abnormal to the body may also become toxic: chromium(III) is an essential trace element, but chromium(VI) is a carcinogen. Only soluble metal-containing compounds are toxic.
Nephrotoxicity is toxicity in the kidneys. It is a poisonous effect of some substances, both toxic chemicals and medications, on kidney function. [1] There are various forms, [2] and some drugs may affect kidney function in more than one way. Nephrotoxins are substances displaying nephrotoxicity.
Occasionally, enjoying processed foods with some of these ingredients likely won't cause any harm, but eating multiple sources of chemicals and dyes on a daily basis over a long period of time can ...