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Description: Blue lines indicate vapor quality, mass percentage in the saturated mixture that is in gas phase . Black lines indicate pressure in pounds per square inch . Grey lines indicate specific volume in square feet per pound-mass of steam
An enthalpy–entropy chart, also known as the H–S chart or Mollier diagram, plots the total heat against entropy, [1] describing the enthalpy of a thermodynamic system. [2] A typical chart covers a pressure range of 0.01–1000 bar , and temperatures up to 800 degrees Celsius . [ 3 ]
When liquid water becomes steam, it increases in volume by 1,700 times at standard temperature and pressure; this change in volume can be converted into mechanical work by steam engines such as reciprocating piston type engines and steam turbines, which are a sub-group of steam engines.
Values are given in terms of temperature necessary to reach the specified pressure. Valid results within the quoted ranges from most equations are included in the table for comparison. A conversion factor is included into the original first coefficients of the equations to provide the pressure in pascals (CR2: 5.006, SMI: -0.875).
Superheated steam was widely used in main line steam locomotives. Saturated steam has three main disadvantages in a steam engine: it contains small droplets of water which have to be periodically drained from the cylinders; being precisely at the boiling point of water for the boiler pressure in use, it inevitably condenses to some extent in the steam pipes and cylinders outside the boiler ...
However, a common temperature and pressure in use by NIST for thermodynamic experiments is 298.15 K (25 °C, 77 °F) and 1 bar (14.5038 psi, 100 kPa). [ 4 ] [ 5 ] NIST also uses 15 °C (288.15 K, 59 °F) for the temperature compensation of refined petroleum products, despite noting that these two values are not exactly consistent with each other.
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Pressure used in boilers of steam locomotives [citation needed] 1.1 MPa 162 psi Pressure of an average human bite [citation needed] 2.8–8.3 MPa 400–1,200 psi Pressure of carbon dioxide propellant in a paintball gun [64] 5 MPa 700 psi Water pressure of the output of a coin-operated car wash spray nozzle [58] 5 MPa 700 psi