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Mohammad Reza Pahlavi [a] (26 October 1919 – 27 July 1980), commonly referred to in the Western world as Mohammad Reza Shah, [b] or simply the Shah, was the last monarch of Iran (Persia). In 1941 he succeeded his father Reza Shah and ruled the Imperial State of Iran until 1979 when the Iranian Revolution overthrew him, abolished the monarchy ...
The 1953 Iranian coup d'état, known in Iran as the 28 Mordad coup d'état (Persian: کودتای ۲۸ مرداد), was the U.S.- and British-instigated, Iranian army-led overthrow of the Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh in favor of strengthening the autocratic rule of the shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, on 19 August 1953, with the objectives being to protect British oil interests in Iran after ...
The various anti-Shah groups operated from outside Iran, mostly in London, France, Iraq, and Turkey. Speeches by the leaders of these groups were placed on audio cassettes to be smuggled into Iran. Khomeini, who was in exile in Iraq , worked to unite clerical and secular, liberal and radical opposition under his leadership [ 28 ] by avoiding ...
The Shah fled Iran but returned when the United Kingdom and the United States staged a coup against Mossadegh in August 1953 (see 1953 Iranian coup d'état). Mossadegh was then arrested by pro-Shah army forces. Following the overthrow of Mossadegh, Iran became steadfastly geopolitically aligned with the United States.
Inspired by international Third World anti-imperialist revolutionaries (such as Mao Zedong, Ho Chi Minh, and Che Guevara, among many others), left-wing guerrillas embraced "armed struggle" to overthrow the Shah, and were quite active in the first half of the 1970s.
October 10: Khomeini takes up residence in the suburb of Neauphle-le-Château in a house that had been rented for him by Iranian exiles in France. He enjoys media attention from journalists across the world who come to France to interview him. His image and words became a daily feature in the world's media. [2] October 11: Strike of Newspapers [24]
Within 2 years, Nasir al-Din Shah found himself powerless to stop the popular movement and cancelled the concession. [53] The Tobacco Protest was the first significant Iranian resistance against the Shah and foreign interests, revealing the power of the people and the ulama influence among them. [50]
In April 1967, Khomeini wrote the two letters, once to Ulama in order to persuade them to attempt to overthrow the Shah's regime and another to Amir-Abbas Hoveyda, protesting the coronation of the Shah [30] and condemning him for continued violation of both Islam and the constitution. [31] Also, Khomeini forbade any type of dealing with Israel ...