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Illustrating inputs and outputs of steam reforming of natural gas, a process to produce hydrogen and CO 2 greenhouse gas that may be captured with CCS. Steam reforming or steam methane reforming (SMR) is a method for producing syngas (hydrogen and carbon monoxide) by reaction of hydrocarbons with water. Commonly natural gas is the feedstock.
If the local gas network allows, the producer of the biogas may use their distribution networks. Gas must be very clean to reach pipeline quality and must be of the correct composition for the distribution network to accept. Carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen sulfide, and particulates must be removed if present. [24]
High pressure electrolysis is the electrolysis of water by decomposition of water (H 2 O) into oxygen (O 2) and hydrogen gas (H 2) by means of an electric current being passed through the water. The difference with a standard electrolyzer is the compressed hydrogen output around 120–200 bar (1740–2900 psi , 12–20 MPa ). [ 146 ]
The biological hydrogen production with algae is a method of photobiological water splitting which is done in a closed photobioreactor based on the production of hydrogen as a solar fuel by algae. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Algae produce hydrogen under certain conditions.
Energy crops can also be grown to boost gas yields where feedstocks have a low energy content, such as manures and spoiled grain. It is estimated that the energy yield presently of bioenergy crops converted via silage to methane is about 2 GWh/km 2 (1.8 × 10 10 BTU/sq mi) annually. Small mixed cropping enterprises with animals can use a ...
Fermentative hydrogen production is the fermentative conversion of organic substrates to H 2. Hydrogen produced in this manner is often called biohydrogen. The conversion is effected by bacteria and protozoa, which employ enzymes. Fermentative hydrogen production is one of several anaerobic conversions.
Nutrients in the soil are taken up by the plant through its roots, and in particular its root hairs.To be taken up by a plant, a nutrient element must be located near the root surface; however, the supply of nutrients in contact with the root is rapidly depleted within a distance of ca. 2 mm. [14] There are three basic mechanisms whereby nutrient ions dissolved in the soil solution are brought ...
Greenhouses allow for greater crop production and also use less water since they are closed systems. [84] Desalination techniques can turn salt water into fresh water which allows greater access to water for areas with a limited supply. [85] This allows the irrigation of crops without decreasing natural fresh water sources. [86]