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Beyond the Sruti, Hindu texts include Smritis, Shastras, Sutras, Tantras, Puranas, Itihasas, Stotras, Subhashitas and others. [8] [9] Most of these texts exist in Sanskrit, [10] [11] and Old Tamil, and also later in other Indic languages. In modern times, most have been translated into other Indian languages and some in Western languages.
The Rigveda or Rig Veda (Sanskrit: ऋग्वेद, IAST: ṛgveda, from ऋच्, "praise" [2] and वेद, "knowledge") is an ancient Indian collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns (sūktas). It is one of the four sacred canonical Hindu texts known as the Vedas. [3] [4] Only one Shakha of the many survive today, namely the Śakalya Shakha ...
[36] [35] Olivelle interprets the sacred fire ritual reference as an indirect reference to marriage, and thus the text asserts that those who have married or never married can both renounce. [36] The Jabala Upanishad herein recommends that a person may renounce on the day he feels detached from the world, regardless of which stage of life he is ...
These Hindu texts have been influential in the Hindu culture, inspiring major national and regional annual festivals of Hinduism. [55] The Bhagavata Purana has been among the most celebrated and popular text in the Puranic genre. [56] [57] The Bhagavata Purana emphasizes bhakti (devotion) towards Krishna. The Bhagavata Purana is a key text in ...
This is the oldest layer of Vedic texts, which were composed between c. 1500 –1200 BCE (Rig Veda book 2–9), [note 1] and 1200–900 BCE for the other Samhitas. The Samhitas contain invocations to deities like Indra and Agni, "to secure their benediction for success in battles or for welfare of the clan."
Hindu texts that permit bigamy and polygyny recommend the monogamous marriage as the most appropriate form of the concept. [38] It is exemplified in Hindu texts such as Ramayana , where Rama is believed to have taken the ekapatnivrata , literally meaning the, 'vow of one wife', the act of fidelity to one wife, Sita , and forbidding himself from ...
The text of three of them, namely the Chhagaleya, Arsheya, and Saunaka, were incomplete and inconsistent, likely poorly maintained or corrupted. [73] Ancient Upanishads have long enjoyed a revered position in Hindu traditions, and authors of numerous sectarian texts have tried to benefit from this reputation by naming their texts as Upanishads ...
The Vedic period, or the Vedic age (c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE), is the period in the late Bronze Age and early Iron Age of the history of India when the Vedic literature, including the Vedas (c. 1500 –900 BCE), was composed in the northern Indian subcontinent, between the end of the urban Indus Valley Civilisation and a second urbanisation, which began in the central Indo-Gangetic Plain c. 600 BCE.