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Treadmill at Brixton Prison in London designed by William Cubitt, c. 1817 Penal Treadmill, Jamaica, c. 1837 British penal treadwheel in Coldbath Fields Prison, 1864 Pentonville Prison Treadmill, 1895. A penal treadmill (penal treadwheel or everlasting staircase) was a treadwheel or treadmill with steps set into two cast iron wheels. These drove ...
Cell, with Prisoner at Crank-Labour, In the Surrey House of Correction, 1851 Crank machine model, from the Oxford Prison & Castle museum.. The crank machine was a penal labour device used in England in the 19th century.
Treadmill at Brixton Prison in London, c1817, British Library. Note: The broadside features an illustration and description of a treadmill at Brixton Prison in London; it shows prisoners serving 'hard labour' engaged in grinding corn. The machine was designed by William Cubitt and was able to accommodate up to 24 prisoners at one time.
However, regularly exceeding its capacity supporting over 200 prisoners, overcrowding was an early problem and with its small cells and poor living conditions contributed to its reputation as one of the worst prisons in London (worsened when Brixton became one of the first prisons to introduce penal treadmills in 1821). There is an illustration ...
British penal treadwheel. A treadwheel, or treadmill, is a form of engine typically powered by humans. It may resemble a water wheel in appearance, and can be worked either by a human treading paddles set into its circumference (treadmill), or by a human or animal standing inside it (treadwheel).
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Cubitt was born in Dilham, Norfolk, the son of Joseph Cubitt of Bacton Wood, a miller, and Hannah Lubbock.He attended the village school. His father moved to Southrepps, and William at an early age was employed in the mill, but in 1800 was apprenticed to James Lyon, a cabinet-maker at Stalham, from whom he parted after four years.
Hard labour was defined as time spent on the penal treadmill, crank machine, capstan or on shot drill (passing cannonballs along a line); deliberately monotonous and pointless work. [ 14 ] [ 12 ] This returned prison life to the harsh standards of the early 19th century, undoing decades of reform which had sought to transfer the prison from a ...