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Bronze weapon from the Mesara Plain, Crete. Copper came into use in the Aegean area near the end of the predynastic age of Egypt about 3500 BC. The earliest known implement is a flat celt, which was found on a Neolithic house-floor in the central court of the palace of Knossos in Crete, and is regarded as an Egyptian product.
Alloying copper with tin to make bronze was first practiced about 4000 years after the discovery of copper smelting, and about 2000 years after "natural bronze" had come into general use. Bronze artifacts from Sumerian cities and Egyptian artifacts of copper and bronze alloys date to 3000 BC. [10]
Photos show some of these artifacts. Metal artifacts, including a knife and bucket handles, found in the canal. The craft district was used during the early Roman period, the release said.
The molten metal is poured into the mould. Although the works generally are called the Benin Bronzes, they are made of different materials. Some are made of brass, which analysis has shown to be an alloy of copper, zinc and lead in various proportions. [20] Others are non-metallic, made of wood, ceramic, ivory, leather or cloth. [20]
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Luristan bronze objects came to the notice of the world art market from the late 1920s and were excavated in considerable quantities by local people, "wild tribesmen who did not encourage the competition of qualified excavators", [10] and taken through networks of dealers, latterly illegally, to Europe or America, without information about the contexts in which they were found. [11]
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Kestel, in southern Turkey, is the site of an ancient Cassiterite mine that was used from 3250 to 1800 BC. [19] The oldest artifacts date from around 2000 BC. [20] It was recognised as an element by Guyton de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Fourcroy in 1787. [6]