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From the spectrum of color coming from the water, the concentration of optically active components of the upper layer of the water body can be estimated via specific algorithms. [1] Water quality monitoring by remote sensing and close-range instruments has obtained considerable attention since the founding of EU Water Framework Directive. [1]
This is a low budget monitoring system that is less reliant on the availability of skilled labour and may make sustainable monitoring more practical, over the long term. [3] There are two main types of remote video technique which have been used to record reef fish populations. They can both be left free standing without the need of an operator.
The logged data can be used to collect or control time of use or rate of use data that can be used for water or energy usage profiling, time of use billing, demand forecasting, demand response, rate of flow recording, leak detection, flow monitoring, water and energy conservation enforcement, remote shutoff, etc. Advanced metering ...
ROV at work in an underwater oil and gas field. The ROV is using a torque wrench to adjust a valve on a subsea structure.. A remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROUV) [1] or remotely operated vehicle (ROV) is a free-swimming submersible craft used to perform underwater observation, inspection and physical tasks such as valve operations, hydraulic functions and other general tasks within the ...
Depth-to-water measurements can be made inside the sampling tubing using small-diameter water-level meters. Optional dedicated pressure transducers facilitate continuous, long-term pressure monitoring. Water FLUTe systems are described further by Einarson (2006) [1] and Cherry et al. (2007) and by accessing the FLUTe website.
These innovations aim to address challenges such as leak detection, water quality monitoring, and reverse flow detection. For instance, Pressure sensors are being tested to identify anomalies like pipe bursts or blockages, [37] Temperature sensors are evaluated for their ability to detect freezing risks or thermal variations in water supply ...
A leak changes the hydraulics of the pipeline, and therefore changes the pressure or flow readings after some time. Local monitoring of pressure or flow at only one point can therefore provide simple leak detection. As it is done locally it requires in principle no telemetry. It is only useful in steady-state conditions, however, and its ...
Pore water pressure (sometimes abbreviated to pwp) refers to the pressure of groundwater held within a soil or rock, in gaps between particles . Pore water pressures below the phreatic level of the groundwater are measured with piezometers. The vertical pore water pressure distribution in aquifers can generally be assumed to be close to ...