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Closed-head injuries are caused primarily by vehicular accidents, falls, acts of violence, and sports injuries. [4] Falls account for 35.2% of brain injuries in the United States, with rates highest for children ages 0–4 years and adults ages 75 years and older. [3] Head injuries are more common in men than women across every age group. [3]
Hypoxia refers to deficiency of oxygen, Ischemia refers to restriction in blood flow to the brain. The result is “encephalopathy” which refers to damaged brain cells. Encephalopathy is a nonspecific response of the brain to injury which may occur via multiple methods, but is commonly caused by birth asphyxia, leading to cerebral hypoxia. [2 ...
1.2.1 ICHD 5, ICD10 G44.88: Headache attributed to head and/or neck trauma 1.2.2 ICHD 6, ICD10 G44.81: Headache attributed to cranial or cervical vascular disorder 1.2.3 ICHD 7, ICD10 G44.82: Headache attributed to non-vascular intracranial disorder
The ICD-10 established a set of diagnostic criteria for PCS in 1992. [38] In order to meet these criteria, a patient has had a head injury "usually sufficiently severe to result in loss of consciousness" [33] [39] and then develop at least three of the eight symptoms marked with a check mark in the table at right under "ICD-10" within four weeks.
Prognosis, or the likely progress of a disorder, depends on the nature, location, and cause of the brain damage (see Traumatic brain injury, Focal and diffuse brain injury, Primary and secondary brain injury). In children with uncomplicated minor head injuries the risk of intracranial bleeding over the next year is rare at 2 cases per 1 million ...
The child should be taken immediately to the nearest medical facility for further diagnosis and treatment. [25] Gradually place the child on a protected surface such as the floor or ground to prevent accidental injury. Do not restrain or hold a child during a convulsion. [25] Position the child on his or her side or stomach to prevent choking.
Encephalitis lethargica is identified by high fever, headache, delayed physical response, and lethargy. Individuals can exhibit upper body weakness, muscular pains, and tremors, though the cause of encephalitis lethargica is not currently known. From 1917 to 1928, an epidemic of encephalitis lethargica occurred worldwide. [10]
Concussions are a common head trauma with an estimated amount of 16% of children over the age of 10 having already experienced at least one head injury requiring immediate medical attention. [9] Prevention for concussions involves reducing common risks in the youth; wearing a helmet to avoid sports-related head trauma. [4]