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Soldering copper pipes using a propane torch and a lead-free solder. Solder is a metallic material that is used to connect metal workpieces. The choice of specific solder alloys depends on their melting point, chemical reactivity, mechanical properties, toxicity, and other properties. Hence a wide range of solder alloys exist, and only major ...
Microscopic view of tin used to solder electronic components, showing a whisker. Metal whiskering is a crystalline metallurgical phenomenon involving the spontaneous growth of tiny, filiform hairs from a metallic surface. The effect is primarily seen on elemental metals but also occurs with alloys.
Solder used in making electrical connections also needs to have favorable electrical characteristics. Soft solder typically has a melting point range of 90 to 450 °C (190 to 840 °F; 360 to 720 K), [3] and is commonly used in electronics, plumbing, and sheet metal work.
The IUPAC definition of a solid solution is a "solid in which components are compatible and form a unique phase". [3]The definition "crystal containing a second constituent which fits into and is distributed in the lattice of the host crystal" given in refs., [4] [5] is not general and, thus, is not recommended.
Both quantitative and qualitative tests for solderability exist. [6] The two most common testing methods are the 'dip and look' method and wetting balance analysis.In both of these tests, the soldered pieces undergo an accelerated aging process before being tested for solderability, to take into consideration the time a component was in storage prior to mounting to final assembly.
A coil of lead-free solder wire. Tin has long been used in alloys with lead as solder, in amounts of 5 to 70% w/w. Tin with lead forms a eutectic mixture at the weight proportion of 61.9% tin and 38.1% lead (the atomic proportion: 73.9% tin and 26.1% lead), with melting temperature of 183 °C (361.4 °F).