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The development of Hindi movements in the late nineteenth century further contributed to this divergence. [8] Sumit Sarkar notes that in the 18th and the bulk of the 19th century, "Urdu had been the language of polite culture over a big part of North India, for Hindus quite as much as Muslims". From 1881 to 1890, Sarkar gives figures which ...
Notes Anguriyo Binimoy: Bhudev Mukhopadhyay: 1862 Bengali: First known historical novel of India. Doorgeshnondini: Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay: 1865 Bengali: First part of first trilogy in historical novels of India. Set in the backdrop of Pathan-Mughal conflicts in south-western region Paschimbanga during the reign of Akbar. Kapalkundala
Hindi literature (Hindi: हिंदी साहित्य, romanized: hindī sāhitya) includes literature in the various Central Indo-Aryan languages, also known as Hindi, some of which have different writing systems. Earliest forms of Hindi literature are attested in poetry of Apabhraṃśa such as Awadhi and Marwari.
Nirmala [a] is a Hindi novel written by Indian writer Munshi Premchand. The melodramatic novel is centered on Nirmala, a young girl who was forced to marry a widower of her father's age. The plot unfolds to reveal her husband's suspicion of a relationship between her and his eldest son, a suspicion that leads to the son's death.
[21] Likewise, when describing the state of Hindi-Urdu under British rule in colonial India, Professor Sekhar Bandyopadhyay stated that "Truly speaking, Hindi and Urdu, spoken by a great majority of people in north India, were the same language written in two scripts; Hindi was written in Devanagari script and therefore had a greater sprinkling ...
The phrase Zaban-e Urdu-e Mualla written in Urdū Lashkari Zaban ("Battalionese language") title in Nastaliq script.. The Urdu movement was a socio-political movement aimed at making Urdu (the standardized register of the Hindustani language), as the universal lingua-franca and symbol of the cultural and political identity of the Muslim communities of the Indian subcontinent during the British ...
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He penned numerous novels, collections of essays, historical research on medieval religious movements of India especially Kabir and Natha Sampradaya, and historical outlines of Hindi literature. Besides Hindi, he was master of many languages including Sanskrit , Bengali , Punjabi , Gujarati as well as Pali , Prakrit , and Apabhramsa .